UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

Human behaviour refers to the way humans act and interact. It is based on and influenced by several factors, such as genetic make-up, culture and individual values and attitudes. Human behaviour, the potential and expressed capacity for physical, mental, and social activity during the phases of human life.

Humans, like other animal species, have a typical life course that consists of successive phases of growth, each of which is characterized by a distinct set of physical, physiological, and behavioral features. These phases are prenatal life, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (including old age).

What causes human behaviour?

Behaviour is also driven, in part, by thoughts and feelings, which provide insight into individual psyche, revealing such things as attitudes and values. Human behaviour is shaped by psychological traits, as personality types vary from person to person, producing different actions and behaviour.

While there are many factors that motivate behaviour, there are four primary functions of  that make a behaviour more likely to happen in the future:

▪️social attention

▪️access to tangible items or preferred activities ▪️escape or avoidance of demands and activities

▪️sensory sensitivities (this could be seeking or avoiding sensory input).

So what exactly is behaviour?

▪️Actions are behaviour

▪️Cognitions are behaviour

▪️Emotions are behaviour

Three fundamental types of behaviour can be distinguished: 

▪️the purely practical - a determining reason

▪️the theoretical-practical - a motivating reason

▪️the purely theoretical - a supporting reason

Five common personality determinants:

▪️Brain. The brain is one of the most important personality determinants

▪️Physical Characteristics. One of the most important factors in determining personality are an individual’s physical characteristics

▪️Social Experiences

▪️Culture and Religion

▪️Heredity

What are behavioural characteristics?

Behavioural characteristics are based on behaviour of the person. Voice, Signature, Keystroke Dynamics, Gaits etc. traits falls under the behavioural characteristics.

A study on human behaviour has revealed that 90% of the population can be classified into four basic personality types: 

▪️Optimistic

▪️Pessimistic

▪️Trusting

▪️Envious. 

However, the latter of the four types, Envious, is the most common, with 30% compared to 20% for each of the other groups.

There are four different types of communication behavior: 

▪️aggressive

▪️assertive

▪️passive

▪️passive-aggressive

What factors can affect behaviour?

Behaviour is affected by factors relating to the person, including:

▪️physical factors - age, health, illness, pain, influence of a substance or medication

▪️personal and emotional factors - personality, beliefs, expectations, emotions, mental health

▪️life experiences - family, culture, friends, life events

▪️what the person needs and wants.

Behaviour is also affected by the context, including:

▪️what is happening at the time

▪️the environment - heat, light, noise, privacy

▪️the response of other people, which is affected by their own physical factors, personal and emotional factors, life experiences, wants and needs.

How strange are men really? 

Studies show male behavior is totally explainable.

New research suggests that, shockingly, men feel bad about themselves if somebody else opens the door for them. Women don’t. (Apparently this is worth researching.) This is not, by the way, the walk through the door and leave it open so the dude behind you doesn’t have it slam in his face type of opening. This is the jump in front of the guy and let him pass before you. Men are uncomfortable with this. To be honest, a lot of women don’t love it either, since it seems to suggest that we are too fragile to do as puny task as pushing a door. 

Then there’s the research that men feel small when their wives or girlfriends are successful. All right, maybe that is a little retro of them. But now that more women are more educated than their husbands, that too will end eventually. As will, hopefully, this long line of headlines that suggest that while women may be from Venus, men are from some different cosmos altogether. The difference between the sexes, physically, is quite striking, but behavior and personality-wise, as this study shows, not quite so much.

Female personality types:

Women and men build their personalities from the same pool of traits. They're both influenced by their parents and siblings in early childhood and beyond. As such, there are few differences between male and female personality types, but children may be socialized to prioritize different traits.

The test results reveal 16 different personalities, each a combination that includes one the four following qualities:

▪️Introversion/Extroversion

▪️Intuiting/sensing

▪️Feeling/thinking

▪️Perceiving/judging

The alpha female vs the beta female

In the last decade, the theory of the alpha female has become a hot topic; it's not only popular in magazines and websites, but also in serious scientific research. Although men and women tend to occupy different roles in modern society, women's brains are similar to men's brains, so it makes sense that women may be wired for more dominant behavior than conventional thought might assume.

Alpha female characteristics include the following:

▪️Sexual

▪️Career-oriented

▪️Dominant

▪️Confident

▪️Assertive

▪️Confrontational

▪️Funny

▪️Strong

▪️Competitive

The beta female, the lesser-known sister of the alpha, has many positive qualities as well. Some of their personal qualities include the following:

▪️Easy-going

▪️Good listeners

▪️Passive

▪️Nurturing

▪️Gentle

There are a number of factors underlying behaviour: personality, motivation, values, abilities and environment, to name a few. So why measure behaviour in particular?

▪️It can change

▪️It can be observed 

▪️It’s situational

▪️It’s practical

▪️It makes individuals and teams tick

▪️It can be predicted

▪️It’s more important than intelligence in predicting success

▪️It can be extrapolated

Many believe that whatever situations have happened in the past should be left in the past. To others, the past holds a special place in their hearts because it has helped in shaping the person they have become today.

Behavior is also driven, in part, by thoughts and feelings, which provide insight into individual psyche, revealing such things as attitudes and values. Human behavior is shaped by psychological traits, as personality types vary from person to person, producing different actions and behavior. Extraverted people, for instance, are more likely than introverted people to participate in social activities like parties.

People with great passions, people who accomplish great deeds, people who possess strong feelings, even people with great minds and a strong personality, rarely come out of good little boys and girls.

IS ISLAM A THREAT TO MULTICULTURAL DEMOCRACIES?

Is Islam a Threat to Multicultural Democracies?

According to a Harvard University study, the Islamisation of a country cannot be stopped once the Muslim population reaches 16 percent of the total population. This is what Islam expert, Nikoletta Incze, said on 22 June'19 on Hungarian public television.

Incze points out that many countries that are Islamic today were originally Christian, for example Turkey, Egypt & Syria.

In other countries as well, Islam supplanted the previous religion: Pakistan was Hindu, Afghanistan was Buddhist, Iran was dominated by Zoroastrianism.

According to her, the Islamisation of a country is already inevitable, when the proportion of Muslims of the population is about 16 percent. It will take another 100 to 150 years before the Islamisation is complete. 

Dr. Peter Hammond’s book, “Slavery, Terrorism and Islam,” says "Islam is not a religion, nor is it a cult. In its fullest form, it is a complete, total, 100% system of life,” “Islam has religious, legal, political, economic, social, and military components" 

Open, free, democratic societies are particularly vulnerable. He says “When politically correct, tolerant, and culturally diverse societies agree to Muslim demands for their religious privileges, some of the other components tend to creep in as well". 

This is how it works. When the Muslim population remains under 2% in a country, they'll be seen primarily as a peace-loving minority and not as a threat to other citizens. This is current situation in:

USA  0.6%

Australia 1.5%

Canada 1.9%

China 1.8%

Italy  1.5%

Norway 1.8%

As the Muslim population reaches 2% to 5%, they begin to recruit from ethnic minorities and disaffected groups, within prisons and street gangs. This is happening in:

Denmark 2%

Germany 3.7%

United Kingdom 2.7%

Spain 4%

Thailand  4.6%

From 5% on, they exercise an inordinate influence in proportion to their % of population,” Dr. Hammond notes. “For example, they will push for the introduction of halal food” and increase pressure to feature such food on shop shelves along with threats for failure to comply.This is happening in:

France — 8%

Philippines — 5%

Sweden —  5%

Switzerland —  4.3%

The Netherlands —  5.5%

Trinidad & Tobago — 5.8%

Soon they begin to apply pressure to allow Sharia law within their own communities (sometimes ghettos). When Muslims approach 10% of the population, they tend to increase lawlessness as a means of complaint about their conditions,” Dr. Hammond notes "In Paris, we are already seeing car-burnings. Any non-Muslim action offends Islam, and results in uprisings and threats..such as in Amsterdam, with opposition to Mohammed cartoons and films about Islam.” These tensions are seen on a regular basis in:

Guyana — 10%

India — 13.4%

Israel —  16%

Kenya —  10

Russia — 15%

The violence increases when the Muslim population reaches 20%. “After reaching 20%, nations can expect hair-trigger rioting, jihad militia formations, sporadic killings, and the burnings of Christian churches & Jewish synagogues,” such as in:

Ethiopia —  32.8%

At 40%, nations experience widespread massacres, chronic terror attacks, and ongoing militia warfare,” such as in:

Bosnia — Muslim 40%

Chad — Muslim 53.1%

Lebanon — Muslim 59.7%

From 60%, persecution of non-believing “infidels” rises significantly, including sporadic ethnic cleansing (genocide), use of Sharia law as a weapon, and Jizya, a tax placed on infidels, such as in:

Albania — 70%

Malaysia —  60.4%

Qatar —  77.5%

Sudan —  70%

After 80%, expect daily intimidation and violent jihad, some State-run ethnic cleansing, and even some genocide, as these nations drive out “infidels,” and move toward a 100% Muslim society, which has been experienced to some degree in: 

Bangladesh — Muslim 83%

Egypt — Muslim 90%

Gaza — Muslim 98.7%

Indonesia — Muslim 86.1%

Iran — Muslim 98%

Iraq — Muslim 97%

Jordan — Muslim 92%

Morocco —  98.7%

Pakistan —  97%

Palestine —  99%

Syria —  90%

Tajikistan —  90%

Turkey — 99.8%

United Arab Emirates —  96% 

A 100% Muslim society will theoretically usher in their version of peace — the peace of ‘Dar-es-Salaam’ — the Islamic House of Peace. “Here there’s supposed to be peace, because everybody is a Muslim, the Madrassas are the only schools, & the Koran is the only word,” such as in:

Afghanistan — 100%

Saudi Arabia —100%

Somalia — 100%

Yemen — 100%

Dr. Hammond observes this Islamic ideal is seldom realized. “Unfortunately, peace is never achieved, as in these 100% states the most radical Muslims intimidate and spew hatred, .....& satisfy their blood lust by killing less radical Muslims, for a variety of reasons.”

“It is important to understand that in some countries, with well under 100% Muslim populations, such as France, minority Muslim populations live in ghettos, within which they are....100% Muslim, and within which they live by Sharia law,” he states.

Dr. Hammond is also concerned by demographic trends. “Today’s 1.5 billion Muslims make up 22% of the world’s population,” ...

He further says “But their birth rates dwarf the birth rates of Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, Jews, and all other believers. Muslims will exceed 50% of the world’s population by the end of this century"

KNOW ABOUT HARE KRISHNA

The 16 Kalas of Sri Krishna are the divine arts or attributes of Sri Krishna that makes him Purna Avatar – the complete avatar. These are the 16 Kalas of Krishna:

1. Daya (Compassion)

2. Dharjya (Patience)

3. Kshama (Forgiveness)

4. Nyaya (Justice)

5. Nirapeksha (Impartiality)

6. Niraskata (Detachment)

7. Tapasya (Meditation and Spiritual Powers)

8. Aparchitta (Invincibility)

9. Danasheel (Beneficience, Bestower of all wealth 

    in the world and nature)

10. Saundarjyamaya (Beauty Incarnate)

11. Nrityajna (Best of Dancers)

12. Sangitajna (Best of Singers)

13. Neetibadi (Embodiment of Honesty)

14. Satyabadi (Truth Itself)

15. Sarvagnata (Perfect master of all arts, such as 

      poetry, drama, painting etc.)

16. Sarvaniyanta (Controller of All)

Hope these 16 Kalas will help you not only to know the personality of God; but also help you to inculcate few of them in your life.

Krishna consciousness is not an artificial imposition on the mind; this consciousness is the original energy of the living entity. When we hear the transcendental vibration, this consciousness is revived. This chanting of 

'Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare

Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare' 

is directly enacted from the spiritual platform, and thus this sound vibration surpasses all lower strata of consciousness – namely sensual, mental, and intellectual.

KNOW ABOUT LIFE COACH

Everyone is familiar with coaching: Our favorite world-class athletes wouldn’t be where they are today without exceptional sports coaching. Many CEOs, entrepreneurs, business leaders, executives, actors, homemakers and business professionals would not be as successful without business coaching. These people all identify a gap between where they are and where they want to be, and turn to coaching when they want help reaching their goals. For them there’s another type of coaching that sounds more foreign to many people: Life Coaching.

WHAT IS A LIFE COACH?

The life coach definition is someone professionally trained to help you maximize your full potential and reach your desired results. They are like a supportive friend and a trusted adviser rolled into one. They’re someone who will push you to identify your goals, hold you accountable and provide encouragement throughout your journey to become a better version of yourself.

Life coaches complete extensive training that teaches them how to ask the right questions, communicate effectively and get to the heart of your needs and desires in life. They’re often trained in a specific coaching method.

Want to discover what's holding you back? A life coach is a type of wellness professional who helps people make progress in their lives in order to attain greater fulfillment. Life coaches aid their clients in improving their relationships, careers, and day-to-day lives.

HOW DOES LIFE COACHING WORK?

Now that we know the answer to the question “What is a life coach?,” let’s get into more detail about what exactly you can expect. Life coaching typically works in a specific, structured format, although your coach will ultimately work with you to create a custom action plan.

First, you will work with your life coach to define your vision. Your coach will ask you questions like:

▪️What is it that truly drives you? 

▪️What’s at the basis of your goals?

After answering that question, you’ll work alongside your coach to identify barriers and limiting beliefs that have been holding you back. What negative things have you been telling yourself? How have these patterns gotten in your way and how can you move past them? Finally, you and your coach will set challenging, but achievable, goals. Your coach will ensure that you are not settling for limited goals or being too negative as you assess your position by helping you calibrate your long- and short-term goals against your core values. 

Assessing your current position helps you and your life coach measure your progress and identify current and potential obstacles. After this important step, you and your coach will review your resources and all courses of action available to you in order to create a plan of action. You’ll then decide which specific steps you will take and when you will take them. You will prepare for potential obstacles and decide how to cope with them. At this time, you will ensure that each step supports your end goals, while your coach will help you stay on track and monitor your progress. If your plan needs modification at any point, your coach will help you with this as well, which will empower you to stay committed.

WHO SHOULD CONSIDER WORKING WITH A LIFE COACH ?

Anyone who wants to do more tomorrow than they can do today should consider hiring a life coach. Life coaching clients are typically ambitious people who want to improve their output and see more growth – and they want to do those things quickly and to the best of their ability. 

There are a number of indications that working with a life coach could be helpful for you. These signs include:

▪️Frequent irritability

▪️High levels of stress and/or anxiety

▪️Inability to break bad habits

▪️Lack of fulfillment in your social life

▪️Persistent feeling of dissatisfaction at work

▪️Sense of blocked creativity

In recent years, life coaches have acquired a considerable presence in the mainstream. Indeed, a growing number of creatives, executives, and entrepreneurs are now teaming up with life coaches to attain success in their professional and personal lives.

WHAT DOES A LIFE COACH DO?

If you’re asking yourself, “What does a life coach do, and do I need one?,” it’s likely that coaching would benefit you. Here are a few more signs:

▪️You’re stuck in self-destructive habits like excessive drinking or overeating

▪️Your inner self-talk is very negative

▪️You’ve recently made a major life change or undergone a stressful event

▪️You suffer from fear of failure that keeps you from reaching your goals

Recognize yourself here? Make the decision to contact Life Coach today and begin the journey to a happier, more confident and fulfilled self.

A life coach encourages and counsels clients on a range of professional and personal issues. Life coaching is distinct from giving advice, consulting, counseling, mentoring and administering therapy. You hire a coach to help you with specific professional projects, personal goals and transitions. 

The relationship between a client and their life coach is more like a creative partnership than a one-way street. From your first meeting, you will:

▪️Identify, clarify and create a vision for what you want

▪️Use your coach’s expertise to modify goals as needed

▪️Encourage self-discovery and growth

▪️Nurture and evoke strategies and a plan of action based on what fits best with your goals, personality and vision

▪️Foster accountability to increase productivity

life coach

Many people view working with a life coach as a means of bridging the gap between your current circumstances and the life you’d like to lead. The following are some of the positive outcomes that could result from joining forces with a life coach:

▪️Better work/life balance

▪️Elimination of long-held fears and anxieties

▪️Enhanced creativity

▪️Greater financial security

▪️Improved communication skills

▪️More satisfying work life

▪️Stronger relationships with friends and family

Additionally, people frequently pair up with life coaches in order to work through barriers that may interfere with finding a partner/mate. Many people also look to life coaches for help in identifying their passion and carving out their ideal career path.

Since sessions typically take place on a regular basis over a prolonged period of time, life coaches can ensure that their clients are implementing what is necessary to experience significant change.

For a great number of clients, accountability is one of the prime advantages of working with a life coach.

Along with providing the support and motivation essential for maintaining momentum, coaches can observe when a client is stuck or needs to recalibrate their goals. As a result, clients often achieve those goals more quickly and efficiently than they would if working on their own.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF LIFE COACHING?

Life coaches can help you clarify your goals, identify the obstacles holding you back, and then come up with strategies for overcoming each obstacle. In creating these strategies, life coaches target your unique skills and gifts. By helping you to make the most of your strengths, life coaches provide the support you need to achieve long-lasting change.

The exact life coach definition and the benefits you will experience depend on what your specific goals are. Some of the most common areas clients improve while working with a life coach include:

▪️Identifying goals and defining a vision for success

▪️Creating professional and personal growth plans

▪️Identifying limiting beliefs

▪️Working toward financial independence

▪️Obtaining work/life balance

▪️Learning to communicate more succinctly and effectively

▪️Fostering more powerful connections professionally and personally

▪️Improving relationships and communication skills

▪️Getting promotions

▪️Achieving weight loss and/or fitness goals

▪️Starting a new business or growing an existing one

▪️Managing an important life or business transition

▪️Articulating core values

Ultimately life coaching allows you to maximize your potential in any area. Research shows that coaching and training is a far more effective combination than training alone. Training alone can increase productivity by 22.4%, but when combined with weekly life coaching, productivity is boosted by 88%.

IMPACT OF LIFE COACHES

While people may report subjective benefits after seeing a life coach, there have also been studies that have shown that life coaching can be beneficial in a number of areas:

1. One study found that both individual and group coaching was helpful in reducing procrastination and improving goal attainment.

2. One review of studies found that health and wellness coaching showed promise for improving self-efficacy and self-empowerment.

3. A 2020 study published in Frontiers in Psychology found that coaching-based leadership interventions could be effective for enhancing well-being and improving functioning withing organizations.

4. Research also suggests that life coaching can have a range of other positive effects, including improvements in personal insight and improve self-reflection. It may also help improve overall mental health and quality of life.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A LIFE COACH AND A THERAPIST

Although there may be some overlap in the benefits of working with a life coach and participating in psychotherapy with a licensed therapist, these professionals have distinct roles and serve unique purposes.

Unlike life coaches, therapists and other mental health professionals focus on healing, treating mental health conditions, and helping people work through trauma and other issues from their past. While working with a life coach may help you to deal with certain unresolved issues, life coaches cannot treat mood disorders, anxiety disorders, addiction, or any other mental health condition.

THERAPISTS

▪️Can treat mental health conditions

▪️Therapists have a degree and are licensed mental health professionals. They must follow an ethical code and adhere to regulations regarding confidentiality and ongoing education.

LIFE COACHES

▪️Cannot treat mental health conditions

▪️Do not need any formal qualifications or 

      academic training

▪️Are not required to follow health privacy laws.

Life coaching sessions can take many different forms. For example, some life coaches meet with their clients in person, while others conduct their sessions over the phone or by social media.

For help in finding a qualified life coach, try consulting an organization such as the International Coach Federation.

ONLINE HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA

India Opens the Door Wide for Online Learning

In 2020, Indian Universities were for the first time able to offer fully online degrees. While this could be seen as a response to the pandemic (which increased interest in online education and Class Central), India’s online degrees were made possible by regulations approved by the University Grants Commission (UGC) back in 2018.

A draft version of the policy outlines the important role online learning could play in reforming India’s education system and expanding access to higher education. The policy encourages Indian institutions not only to develop their own online programs, but also to recognize and award credit for online programs offered by foreign institutions. The policy proposes that some foreign institutions may be invited to operate in India -- something the country has long resisted. India’s education sector is needed to “attract talented teachers, innovate and build better labs.”

Currently, around 25 percent of students graduating from high school in India go on to pursue higher education. The Indian government wants that figure to reach 50 percent by 2035 -- doubling the country’s college and university enrollment from its current base of around 35 million students.

The government of India is for the first time allowing universities to offer fully online degrees -- a change that could reshape education delivery in the country while blowing open the door to a previously limited market for U.S.-based online education services companies. Massive open online education providers Coursera and edX both say they hope to increase their existing presence in India and partner more deeply with institutions there.

The government’s approach to online learning is, however, still cautious. Only the top 100 institutions in India’s National Institutional Ranking Framework can apply to offer fully online degrees, and the subject areas are restricted. There will be no online medical or law degrees from the country's universities in the foreseeable future.

India's University Grants Commission is responsible for validating the new online degrees and has stated it will not accept any compromises on quality. Universities offering online degrees in India can offer them through SWAYAM or other learning management systems that fit certain criteria.

All India Council for Technical Education - AICTE's

SWAYAM MOOCs platform is World’s Largest Online Free E-Learning Platform Portal designed to achieve the three cardinal principles of Education Policy viz., Access, Equity and Quality by covering School/Vocational, Under-Graduate, Post Graduate, Engineering and Other Professional Courses.

Amity University, a not-for-profit private institution with campuses across India, is launching 24 online programs, including six bachelor’s degrees and four master’s degrees. The rest are postgraduate certificate programs. Amity was the only institution to announce the launch of more than three programs. Whether the small number of programs launched by the other institutions is a reflection of their limited capacity or perhaps some trepidation about entering the online market is unclear.

Here’s a quick summary of the different type of programs:

Program                   Duration     Mean Price

Certificate               6 months    ₹28,000 (~$375)

Diploma                   1 year          ₹120,000 (~$1600)

Bachelor’s degree  3 years        ₹165,000 (~$2200)

Master’s degree     2 years        ₹160,000 (~$2150

Updated list of Higher  Education Institutions entitled to start full fledged online programs are given below -

For Bachelor's Degree online courses -

IGNOU

Amity University

Acharya Nagarjuna University

JSS Academy

Shanmugha Academy

Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics, Mumbai

Symbiosis international

Bharti Vidyapeeth

Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science

Andhra University

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Andhra Pradesh

Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Andhra Pradesh

OP Jindal Global University

Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Haryana

Kurukshetra University

University of Jammu

Kuvempu University, Karnataka

Jain University

University of Mysore

Yenepoya Deemed University, Karnataka

Mizoram University

Chandigarh University

Guru Nanak University

Manipal University

Banasthali Vidyapeeth

Madurai Kamaraj University

Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute

Periyar University

Shanmukha Arts, Science & Technology Research Academy

Satyabhama Institute of Science & Technology

SRM institute of Science & Technology

Alagappa University

Aligarh Muslim University

Dayal Bagh Educational Institute

For Master's Degree online courses -

O.P. Jindal Global University

Alagappa University

Aligarh Muslim University 

Amity University 

Bharathidasan University 

Chandigarh University 

Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune

Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (Gitam), Andhra Pradesh

IGNOU

JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Andhra Pradesh

Manipal University

Mizoram University 

Periyar University

S.R.M Institute of Sciences and Technology 

Tezpur University

Divya Prabandham Sastra Deemed University

Sastra Deemed University

Guru Nanak Dev University

Jain University

Acharya Nagarjuna University

Aligarh Muslim University

Bharathidasan University

Jamia Millia Islamia University

Jawaharlal Nehru University

Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Madhya Pradesh

Shiv Nadar University

The ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education, Hyderabad

Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Haryana

Kurukshetra University

University of Jammu

Kuvempu University, Karnataka

University of Mysore

Yenepoya Deemed University, Karnataka

Banasthali Vidyapeeth

Madurai Kamaraj University

Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute

Shanmukha Arts, Science & Technology Research Academy

Satyabhama Institute of Science & Technology

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Dayal Bagh Educational Institute

For Diploma online courses -

IIT Madras

Amity University

JSS Academy

Shanmugha Academy

IGNOU

Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth

Average data consumed by Social networking

Social networking consumes around 90MB per hour.

Average data consumed by -

Clubhouse

1-hour session is 100-120 MB.

Whatsapp 

video call 300MB per hr (5MB per minute)

Chatting 111MB per hr (single text 5KB, single picture or video 1 to 3 MB)sent or receive

Twitter 

1-hour 360MB per hr

Chrome 

Scrolling 161MB per hr

YouTube 

1- hour @ 240p (low-quality) = 96MB

1-hour @ 480p (default) = 240MB

1-hour @ 1080p (HD) = 720MB

Facebook 

Scrolling 1 hour - 100 MB 

Instagram

Scrolling 1 hour - 100 MB

Video 1-hour - 402MB

Netflix 

1-hour SD content = 1GB

1-hour HD content = 3GB

Movie Direction

Note the difference between a film director and a producer:

A film director controls a film's artistic and dramatic aspects, and visualizes the script while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision. The producer initiates, coordinates, supervises, and controls matters such as raising funding, hiring key personnel, and arranging for distributors.

What is a Director?

Even though they may not appear in front of the camera, the director is one of the most important people on a film set. They do more than shout “action” and “cut” behind the scenes—they’re the person who determines the creative vision and makes all of the film’s biggest decisions. 

A director is a person who determines the creative vision of a feature film, television show, play, short film, or other production. They have complete artistic control of a project. In addition to having a strong grasp of technical knowledge taught in directing classes, they must also have a personal or emotional connection to the material.

Film directors work on a movie from conception to delivery, working with individuals in charge of lighting, scenery, writing, and so forth, to make sure all elements come together. They generally don't do post-production work, but are in charge of overseeing it.

A film director looking over the shoulder of a cameraman to see what is being captured on film.

In addition to having control over nearly every aspect of the movie, film directors also have a large role in the smaller technical aspects of the film. They read over the script to make sure it makes sense, decide where the actors are going to stand, and how they will move. Directors also help actors to better understand the characters they are playing by explaining the motivation behind a particular action, or painting a clearer picture of the character's back-story.

Once the editing team gets to work, the film director has the final say as to how the shots look and how they should be blended together. The director can also decide if the crew needs to do another take of a particular scene or scenes and when one scene should fade into the next.

Film directors also have the responsibility of handling most of the budgetary concerns of a film, figuring out how to make the movie work on a tight budget. This might involve hiring actors who will work for lower pay, asking family members or friends to help out with some of the behind-the-scenes work, or coming up with less expensive strategies for executing an idea.

The portrayal of the director can be phrased by the formula: Cinematography + Setting + Blocking + Acting + Editing = Directing.

Let’s look at the setting, lighting, blocking, costumes, characters, and dialogue and how they are expressed by the director in the cinematography, sound, and editing.

Most inexperienced (or experienced, but lazy) film directors spend the majority of their time figuring out how to shoot the film first (cool shots and creative camera angles) before understanding what the story is about and knowing what the characters really want.

To successfully direct a “visually compelling story with believable characters”, you need to follow this 7-step formula:

STEP 1: The Study of Human Behaviour 

The study of human behaviour is about:

a. What makes us tick?

b. Why do we do things?

Once you know the answers to these questions, you will have a better idea of how the characters in your script should interact with each other, as well as having the proper “psychological tools” to direct actors on the set.

The good thing about human behaviour is that it is observable, and as storytellers, we must first observe the way people react to different situations and circumstances in order to understand How and Why their behaviour changes.

As a film director, you must be a “witness” to human behaviour. You need to get into the habit of observing people going about their daily lives, so you can find out what motivates them to take action.

Once you know what motivates a person to achieve their daily needs, you will have the knowledge to better understand the story you are telling, and you will feel more confident helping your actors achieve believable performances.

STEP 2: Story

When you first read a script, here are just some of the many questions you will need to answer to help identify and solve potential script problems:

a. What is the story about?

b. Does the story make sense?

c. What problem is to be resolved?

d. What event hooks the audience?

e. What is the plot? (the action)

f. What is the subplot? (the theme)

Understanding the story requires a lot of work on your part because you then need to take dig deeper into the story and it’s structure by analysing each individual scene in the script to find out what it is about, what works and what doesn’t by asking questions like:

a. What is the intention of the scene?

b. What are the story points?

c. Where are the scene beats?

d. Where is the climax?

e. What is the resolution?

f. What are the important lines of dialogue?

Your script breakdown will be a never-ending process. Each time you read the script, you will find something else you didn’t know about the story or the characters.

And the script will also constantly evolve. It will change because of your creative notes, writer changes, actor changes, producer changes, studio changes and location availability.

But as long as you know what the story is about, and where the story is going, you will be able to adjust to all the changes.

STEP 3: Performance

You need to know about directing actors is explained in these three words:

1. MOTIVE (our inner world)

2. DETERMINES (controls)

3. BEHAVIOUR (our outer world)

And if we break them down even further, we see that:

What our needs are (MOTIVE)

Will decide (DETERMINES)

What actions we will take (BEHAVIOUR)

One of the main responsibilities of a Director is to help actors achieve a realistic performance, and a good director does this by “listening for the truth” and by always asking:

a. Do I believe them?

b. Do the words make sense?

c. Are the characters believable?

And the key to getting a realistic performance from an actor, is by first understanding a character’s objectives.

a. There should be one main objective per character per scene:

What do they want in the scene?

b. Objectives should be clear, concise and stated in one simple sentence: “To discover where the gun is hidden.”

How to choose objectives:

a. Ask yourself “What does the character want in this situation?”

b. A character’s objective should create obstacles for the character.

c. Look at what the character does (his behaviour) rather than what he says.

d. Look at what happens in the scene, and how it ends.

e. Look at what people want out of life: what are the things we will sacrifice everything for?

On the set, actors want to work with directors who understand their vulnerability, so it’s incredibly important to create a good relationship with every actor on your film.

And what do actors want more than anything from this relationship with the director? TRUST!

If actors feel they cannot trust the director to know a good performance from a bad performance, they will begin to monitor their own performances and  begin to direct themselves: they will become “Director Proof!”

Remember, to find the character they are playing, actors must surrender completely to feelings and impulses, and a good director understands an actor’s vulnerability and creates a safe place for them to perform.

STEP 4: The Principles of Montage

One of the key elements of being a good director, is to understand the “principles of montage” – the juxtaposition of images to tell a story.

By carefully using the juxtaposition of images, filmmakers were able to produce certain emotions from the audience by manipulating an actor’s performance.

As a film director, understanding the principles of montage will help you to: create a more visual script; to decide your camera placement; to block your scenes; and to get layered performances from actors.

STEP 5: The Psychology of the Camera

What I mean by the Psychology of the Camera are the visual meanings of shots and angles. In other words, where you put the camera can either enhance or detract the audience’s understanding of what the scene is really about, and what the characters are feeling. For example:

There are three angles of view for the camera:

a. Objective: The audience point of view. (The camera is placed outside the action.)

b. Subjective: The camera acts as the viewer’s eyes. (The camera is placed inside the action.)

c. Point of View: What the character is seeing. (The camera is the action.)

Audiences will assume that every shot or word of dialogue in a film is there to further the central idea, therefore, each shot you use should contribute to the story or the idea you are trying to convey.

Since viewer emotion is the ultimate goal of each scene, where you place the camera involves knowing what emotion you want the audience to experience, at any given moment in the scene.

STEP 6: Basic Blocking & Staging Techniques

Very simply, blocking is the relationship of the actors to the camera. Blocking is not about getting the dialogue correct or discussing an actor’s motivation – unless it directly involves the movement of an actor.

You start thinking of blocking as the choreography of a dance or ballet: all the elements on the set (actors, extras, vehicles, crew, equipment) should move in perfect harmony with each other.

Before you start to figure out your blocking plan, you must know these five things:

a. When, and where, were the characters last seen?

b. What is the last shot of the previous scene?

c. What is the first shot of the scene you are working on?

d. What is the last shot of the scene you are working on?

e. What is the first shot of the next scene?

Your blocking plan will also be determined by:

a. Whose POV is being expressed at the time? (Is it the writer’s, the character or the director?)

b. What distance are you from the subject? (What is the size of shot: close or far?)

c. What is your relationship to the subject? (What is the angle of view – your choice of lenses?)

When you first start directing, blocking a scene can be one of the hardest parts of your job. But like anything else in life, blocking takes practice, and the more times you do it, the more comfortable you will become.

STEP 7: Technical

By technical, I mean everything else it takes to make a movie!

(Locations, Cinematography, Editing, Sound, Costumes, Stunts…)

The majority of the filmmaking process into one category, but without understanding the first 6 steps of this formula, you are setting yourself up for “filmmaker mediocrity” – which is writing unimaginative scripts with unbelievable characters that create boring and dull films.

Making feature was one of the most difficult and rewarding experiences. For that you have to :

1. Feel it.

2. Find your key frames.

3. Your film is only as good as your collaborators.

4. Make a lookbook.

5. Know your film’s spine.

6. Help your actors build characters before coming to set.

7. Always carry a pocketful of toys.

8. Over-prepare, then leave it all behind.

9. Understand everyone’s job.

10. Be open to ideas, and protect your initial inspiration.

11. You set the tone.

12. Don’t compromise (until the last minute)

What does a Film Director do?

A film director is in charge of the three main phases of filmmaking — pre-production, production and post-production.

What Does a Director Do During Pre-production?

Assemble a team. The first people you’ll need are a line producer, production designer, location manager, cinematographer, and assistant director.

Create your vision for the film and communicate it to your crew. Establish a visual language for your film by creating a lookbook. Fill it with reference images to help you articulate your ideal color palette, locations, and framing. It helps to reference other films that inspire you.

Discuss your vision with each key crew member individually. Your vision affects every department differently. For example, if you say, “I want it to feel like the character is isolated,” that affects lens choice, lighting, and music. Learn to speak the language of every department so you can successfully communicate what you need from them.

Make casting choices. You can change many of your decisions along the way, but casting is the least flexible in terms of making last-minute changes. Before you cast an actor, it’s important that they understand the story you’re telling. They should be someone you trust to prepare the role to the best of their ability and who is willing to be flexible and collaborate with you.

What Does a Director Do During Production?

Guide the actors through scenes. It’s your job to help inform and shape their performances, so give the actors positive but specific (and short) praise and/or notes after every take. Make sure you’re on the same page about who the characters are and what they want in each scene.

Ensure every department is doing its job. You’re the person who is most familiar with every part of the production. You must make sure every department is doing its job and working together to bring the film to life.

Communicate with everyone as much as possible. Directing is a collaborative process. Having open communication with every team is vital to making the best film possible so everyone feels comfortable speaking up and knows exactly what they need to be doing.

Keep your artistic vision alive. Continue to check in with every department, from the producers to the actors to the crew, about what you need from them in order to translate your creative vision to the screen.

What Does a Director Do During Post-production?

Give notes to the editor. Review the editor’s cuts, break down the footage, and find the shots, angles, and takes that add the most meaning.

Check in with post-production teams. Work with the sound design team, the music supervisor, and the visual effects team to ensure every postproduction decision is in line with your overall vision.

Give final signoff. You have complete creative control, and it’s up to you to determine when a project is finished.

What is the workplace of a Film Director like?

Film directors are typically under an enormous amount of stress, since they make most of the decisions, and those decisions ultimately determine whether the film will be a success or not.

The entire production process of a film can take over a year. The production phase is the busiest and most time-consuming period. The work schedule can vary considerably — for example, ten hours on Monday and then an entirely different set of hours on Tuesday. Working on weekends and evenings is often part of the schedule as well.

The post-production phase is less hectic, giving directors an opportunity to look for their next project.

Like a stage director, a movie director tells the actors how to play a particular scene, sets the scene for a specific type of mood, and moves the actors around for a particular effect. In the above definition, the word setting is referring to the specific atmosphere created by the props, location, scenery, and costumes.

The directing of cinematography includes both the camera shots and the lighting to obtain both a particular type of effect and mood. The director also has control over the editing to create the pace, rhythm, coherence, story, and character development they and the producer want.

Finally, most directors are involved with the sound for the movie, especially the dialogue, ambient noises, and sound effects. Many directors have their individual style, so we can often recognize when a specific director is responsible for a movie. 

And if you have a story that has Universal themes, and the passion to tell this story, you can make a movie, in your own language, and audiences around the world will watch it.